This study is part of a larger FNS effort to ensure WIC program integrity and to comply with the Improper Payments Information Act of 2002 (IPIA) (Public Law 107-300), which requires FNS to estimate improper payments (IP) in its programs. To evaluate program integrity, the 2013 report includes two complementary studies: A study, comparable to the 1998 and 2005 WIC Vendor Management Studies, which examined purchases made through compliance buys using paper- or Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT)-based FIs, and a cash value voucher study, which examined purchases made through compliance buys using the CVVs or, in the case of EBT, cash value benefits (CVBs) to purchase fruits and vegetables.